The United States has enough installed solar energy capacity to power over 36.7 million homes, according to the latest data from the Solar Energy Industries Association (SEIA). Over the past decade, the solar industry has had an impressive annual growth, making it one of the fastest-growing sectors in the renewable energy space.
The solar market consists of several segments: residential, commercial, utility-scale, and community solar. Growth rates across these segments have varied, with community solar and utility-scale solar being the most prevalent types of solar photovoltaic (PV) farms. These two types of solar farms are critical in expanding access to solar energy.
Many corporations and states are actively working to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and transition to a cleaner energy grid to combat climate change. The rising demand for solar panel farms is driven by this push for sustainable energy solutions.
As PV farms continue to proliferate, they present significant opportunities for solar companies to participate in the development and installation processes. Understanding how solar energy farms work and their benefits to businesses and communities can help PV companies capitalize on these opportunities and grow their operations.
What Are PV Farms?
A PV farm, or solar power plant, is a large-scale solar energy installation designed to generate substantial electricity. These projects operate under various ownership models and supply power to a wide range of customers depending on the specific setup.
There are two main types of solar farm technology: photovoltaic (PV) and concentrated solar power (CSP). PV farms use solar panels to convert sunlight directly into electricity, while CSP farms use mirrors to concentrate sunlight, creating steam to drive turbines or engines. However, PV farms are far more common across the United States than CSP systems due to their scalability and efficiency.
PV farms are typically ground-mounted and installed on open land free from shading or obstructions. These installations can span several acres to multiple kilometers, and they are distinct from rooftop solar projects.
Some of the largest operational solar PV farms include:
MidAmerican Solar Star PV in California: 13 square kilometers, 579 MW
Topaz Solar Farm in California: 15 square kilometers, 550 MW
Samson Solar Energy Center in Texas (operational in 2025): 1,310 MW
Copper Mountain Solar Facility in Nevada: 802 MW
How Do PV Farms Work?
Solar PV farms, also known as solar panel farms or solar power plants, generate electricity by harnessing sunlight through a large array of solar panels.
Here's a simplified breakdown of how PV farms operate:
Solar Panels: A typical solar PV farm installation consists of thousands of solar panels (also called PV modules), each comprised of numerous solar cells. Usually made from silicon, these cells are designed to capture sunlight and convert it into electricity.
Sunlight Capture: The panels in solar panel farms are positioned to maximize exposure to sunlight. As sunlight strikes the panels, the solar cells absorb the photons and generate an electric current, called direct current (DC) electricity.
DC to AC Conversion: The solar PV farm inverters convert the DC electricity generated by the panels into alternating current (AC) electricity, which can be used to power homes, businesses, or the broader electrical grid.
Electricity Transmission & Distribution: Once converted, the AC electricity is transmitted through wiring and transformers to meet the required voltage for distribution. The electricity generated by solar power plants can be used on-site or sent to the electrical grid via solar interconnection.
Grid Integration & Net Metering: Many PV farms are connected to the grid, allowing excess electricity to be fed back into it. This process, known as net metering, ensures that the renewable energy generated by solar farms can be efficiently utilized.
Solar Monitoring & Maintenance: Proper maintenance is essential for optimal solar PV farm installation performance. Regular monitoring, cleaning of the panels, and system checks help ensure that energy production remains efficient.
Different Types Of Solar PV Farms
There are two primary types of solar farms, each with distinct business models. One type supplies energy to wholesale buyers, while the other serves end-users such as households and small businesses.
Utility-Scale Solar Farms
Utility-scale solar farms are large solar power plants designed to produce significant amounts of electricity. These solar farms often incorporate energy storage systems to meet high evening demand or provide backup power. A typical utility-scale solar farm has a capacity of at least 1 MW, though many are much larger.
The key difference between utility-scale solar farms and other types of solar farms is the target market. Solar electricity is often sold to wholesale buyers, such as utility companies, in utility-scale projects. Companies often enter into power purchase agreements (PPAs) to lock in a fixed price for solar energy. This model allows corporations to source renewable energy and potentially reduce energy costs.
For instance, the Samson Solar Energy Center, one of the largest solar PV farms in the U.S., will have AT&T as its largest corporate off-taker, securing 500 MW of capacity. This is part of AT&T’s plan to achieve carbon neutrality by 2035. Other buyers, such as Honda, McDonald’s, and Google, are also participating in this PV farm to source clean energy and meet their sustainability goals.
Community Solar Panel Farms
Community solar panel farms, also known as community solar gardens, provide shared solar power to project members such as households, organizations, and companies. This type of solar PV farm is especially appealing to renters, residents of multi-unit buildings, homeowners with shaded properties, or low-income households. The United States had 7.6 gigawatts of installed community solar panel farms capacity through Q3 2024, according to the Solar Energy Industries Association.
Leading states for community solar panel installations include California, Colorado, Florida, Illinois, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Jersey, and New York. Approximately 22 states have policies that support this type of solar PV farm, although some states have regulations that limit the growth or make it too expensive for widespread adoption.
Community PV farm members are typically billed in one of two ways: variable or fixed. With a variable subscription, monthly payments vary based on actual solar energy production, leading to higher payments during sunnier months. In contrast, a fixed subscription offers consistent payments regardless of energy production, making this type of solar PV farm attractive for those looking for stable monthly bills.
Commercial Solar Farms
Commercial solar PV farms represent another key type of solar farm designed primarily for business entities. These installations provide renewable energy solutions specifically tailored for commercial properties, helping businesses reduce energy costs and meet sustainability targets. Commercial solar PV farms can vary in size but typically range from small-scale systems on individual commercial buildings to larger installations that serve multiple businesses or industrial sites.
One significant advantage of commercial PV farms is their ability to leverage economies of scale. By installing solar panels on a larger scale, businesses can achieve a lower cost-per-watt compared to traditional residential installations. The average cost for commercial solar farms generally falls between $0.80 and $1.30 per watt, making them a financially viable option for many businesses looking to transition to clean energy.
These solar PV farms often enter into PPAs with companies, allowing them to secure a fixed rate for electricity generated over a specified period. This arrangement provides businesses with predictable energy costs and shields them from fluctuating utility prices, ultimately contributing to more stable operating expenses.
In addition to financial savings, commercial PV farms help businesses enhance their corporate social responsibility (CSR) profiles. By investing in renewable energy, companies can significantly reduce their carbon footprints and demonstrate their commitment to sustainability. This appeal is especially strong among consumers and stakeholders who prioritize environmental responsibility.
Key Considerations Before Building PV Farms
Planning and constructing projects can take many months or even years.
Solar PV Farm Permitting & Zoning
Permitting and zoning are critical steps in constructing a solar energy farm. State and local laws, including setback requirements, play a significant role in determining whether a PV farm can be installed. Developers must navigate complex regulations, as approvals are required from various federal, state, and local agencies. This process can extend the timeline, making solar farm permitting and siting a lengthy part of the project.
GreenLancer specializes in solar permitting, engineering, and interconnection. Our solar design services include PV plan sets, interconnection applications, and PE stamps.
Land & Location Considerations for PV Farms
Selecting the right land is crucial when planning a solar energy farm. Most solar PV farms are located on privately held land, with the required acreage varying based on the project’s capacity. The land required for utility-scale solar panel farms can range from several acres to multiple square kilometers for large installations. These projects should ideally be near three-phase power lines and a transmission substation to ensure grid connectivity. Gaining a spot in the utility queue is essential for interconnection, sometimes involving upgrading the electric grid.
For optimal PV farm performance, the land should be relatively flat, cleared, and free from excessive wetlands. For instance, a solar energy farm on a north-facing slope will receive less sunlight, reducing energy production. Some types of solar farms, such as community solar PV farms, may be located adjacent to agricultural land. Solar projects typically do not interfere with livestock or crops, making them suitable for dual land use.
Financial Considerations
One key financial consideration for a solar energy farm is entering into a solar PPA with off-takers who will buy the energy generated. While the solar PV farm owner benefits from tax incentives, the off-takers enjoy clean energy without maintaining the solar infrastructure. In addition, financing and securing the necessary permits can impact the timeline and total cost of building a solar panel farm.
PV Farm Maintenance
Maintaining a solar energy farm involves regular monitoring to ensure optimal performance. This includes preventing shading of the solar panels, performing repairs, and reviewing solar monitoring data to ensure efficiency. Some innovative solar PV farm operators are experimenting with eco-friendly maintenance strategies, such as planting native wildflowers that reduce irrigation and mowing needs or using sheep to graze around the panels instead of relying on mowers or herbicides.
Sustainability Considerations for PV Farms
Sustainability is a crucial aspect of developing and operating a solar energy farm. Implementing sustainable practices can enhance the project’s environmental benefits and appeal to eco-conscious investors and off-takers. Key sustainability practices include sourcing recycled or locally sourced materials during construction, implementing efficient water management strategies, and promoting biodiversity on the site.
For example, many PV farm developers are now incorporating pollinator-friendly plants around their solar panels to support local ecosystems and increase biodiversity. Also, utilizing sheep for grazing not only helps manage vegetation but also reduces reliance on chemical herbicides and fossil fuel-powered mowers. This dual benefit of maintaining the solar farm while promoting ecological health aligns with the growing demand for green energy solutions.
Benefits of PV Farms
Solar PV farms offer numerous advantages that contribute to environmental sustainability and economic growth.
Here are some key benefits:
Renewable Energy Generation: Solar PV farms harness the sun’s abundant energy, providing a clean and renewable source of electricity. This helps reduce reliance on fossil fuels, contributing to lower greenhouse gas emissions and combating climate change.
Economic Growth and Job Creation: The development and maintenance of PV farms create jobs in various sectors, including construction, engineering, and operations. The solar industry can stimulate local economies and create sustainable job opportunities as it expands.
Scalability and Flexibility: PV farms can be designed to meet varying energy needs, from small community projects to large utility-scale installations. This scalability allows for flexibility in meeting local energy demands and adapting to future growth.
Energy Independence: Solar PV farms generate local energy, reducing dependence on imported fuels. This enhances energy security and stability for communities and regions.
Community Engagement: Community PV farms foster local involvement by allowing residents and businesses to invest in and benefit from renewable energy. This can lead to stronger community ties and increased awareness of sustainability initiatives.
Reduced Energy Costs: Solar PV farms can provide electricity at competitive prices, often lowering consumer energy costs. This is especially true for power purchase agreements (PPAs), where businesses can secure long-term energy rates, leading to significant savings.
Land Use Efficiency: PV farms can be strategically placed on land that is otherwise unproductive, such as brownfields or degraded agricultural land. This maximizes land use while preserving prime agricultural land for food production.
Grid Stability and Reliability: Large-scale solar installations can enhance the resilience of the power grid by providing distributed energy sources that can reduce peak demand and stabilize local grids.
FAQ About Solar PV Farms
Read on to get answers to common questions about solar panel farms.
How Much Does It Cost To Install A Solar PV Farm?
Solar energy farm projects benefit from economies of scale, making them more cost-effective than residential and small commercial solar installations on a cost-per-watt basis. According to the latest data from EnergySage, the average cost-per-watt for a solar farm typically ranges from $0.80 to $1.30. In comparison, the national average cost for residential solar installations stands at approximately $2.75 per watt.
Where are PV Farms Located?
PV farms are located across the globe, with their locations determined by factors like sunlight availability, land space, government policies, and renewable energy demand. In the U.S., states like California, Arizona, Nevada, and Texas host many PV farms due to their optimal solar conditions and vast land areas. Similarly, countries like China, India, and Germany are home to numerous PV farms, driven by strong renewable energy commitments and growing market demand.
To find specific solar farm locations, resources like the Renewable Energy and Sustainable Development Map (RESDM) or the Major Solar Projects List from the Solar Energy Industries Association.
What are Good Locations for PV Farms?
Solar PV farms are typically located in areas with ample sunlight and available land. Common locations for PV farms include:
Desert Regions: Deserts often have vast expanses of land with high solar irradiance and minimal cloud cover, making them ideal locations for solar farms. Examples include the Mojave Desert in California and the Sahara Desert in North Africa.
Rural Areas: Rural regions with large, open fields or agricultural land are often chosen for solar PV farm development due to the availability of space and lower land costs. These areas may include farmland, pastureland, or unused industrial sites.
Brownfield Sites: Brownfield sites, which are abandoned or underutilized industrial areas, are sometimes repurposed for PV farms. Reclaiming these sites for solar energy helps revitalize communities and mitigate environmental risks associated with contaminated land.
Capped Landfills: Some PV farms are built on closed landfills, where the land is unsuitable for traditional development but can still be utilized for renewable energy generation. Solar panels are installed on top of the landfill cap, providing dual benefits of renewable energy generation and land remediation.
Get Started With Your Next PV Farm Project
Some solar installation companies are looking to expand their businesses and get involved with solar PV farms. Because this is an area of tremendous growth in the solar industry, it can also present a lot of opportunities.
However, planning and siting a solar farm can be very difficult due to interconnection and permitting constraints. To help streamline projects, work with GreenLancer on your next solar PV farm project. Complete the form below to contact a representative today.
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