Extreme weather events, from hail storms to flooding, are becoming increasingly common worldwide. Therefore, solar companies must take certain precautions to protect PV equipment and ensure solar panel durability in extreme weather. But how durable are solar panels?
“We have a choice to build solar systems that can provide reliable electricity even when we have extreme weather damaging the grid,” said Dirk Jordan, senior reliability engineer for the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). “Certifications, including education and utilizing the best practices for regional extreme weather, will pay for themselves with cost-saving electricity."
Solar panel durability encompasses weather resistance, mechanical strength, equipment longevity, reliability, resistance to degradation, equipment warranties, and certifications. The GreenLancer team has more than a decade of experience with solar panel durability. Let’s examine this critical topic, so you can better serve your solar energy customers.
Types Of Solar Panels
There are many types of PV modules used for residential and commercial solar power projects.
Monocrystalline solar panels are crafted from a single crystal structure, typically silicon, and are known for their distinctive black appearance. These panels are highly efficient and often come at a premium price. They are recognized for superior solar panel durability and longevity compared to polycrystalline panels. This increased durability is largely due to the structural uniformity of monocrystalline silicon, which enhances its resistance to stress and degradation over time.
Polycrystalline solar panels are composed of multiple silicon crystals, giving them a distinctive speckled blue appearance. While they are generally less efficient and have lower solar panel durability than monocrystalline panels, they often present a more cost-effective option for consumers. Their manufacturing process, which involves melting multiple silicon fragments together, can lead to a lower energy output, making them suitable for installations where budget constraints are a primary concern.
Thin-film solar panels are manufactured by depositing layers of semiconductor material onto substrates like glass or metal. They offer advantages such as flexibility, lightweight design, and transparent or semi-transparent options. Although thin-film panels are generally less efficient than crystalline panels, they excel in low-light conditions and high temperatures. However, they typically have shorter lifespans and lower solar panel durability compared to monocrystalline modules, making them a less durable option for long-term energy production.
Building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) are designed to seamlessly integrate into building materials, such as solar roof tiles or transparent solar windows. They generate renewable energy and serve as a structural component of the building. The durability of BIPV solar panels varies widely based on the material and application.
Bifacial solar panels consist of photovoltaic cells on both sides, allowing them to capture sunlight and reflect light from surfaces below. They often perform well on the PVEL scorecard, demonstrating high efficiency and reliability. Bifacial panels are recognized for their potential to generate more energy than traditional panels, especially in areas with high albedo surfaces. While they offer increased energy output, their solar panel durability can vary based on environmental factors and installation quality, making it essential to consider these aspects for long-term performance.
What Are Solar Panels Made Of?
PV modules are engineered for durability, enabling them to withstand extreme weather events like hailstorms, high winds, and heavy snow loads. Several protective features enhance the solar panel durability, safeguarding the lifespan of solar cells against moisture, UV radiation, wind-blown debris, and structural damage, all of which can threaten their performance and longevity.
Solar panels commonly consist of the following:
Photovoltaic cells are composed of semiconductor materials, typically silicon, that play a crucial role in converting sunlight into solar electricity. When sunlight strikes these cells, it excites electrons, generating an electric current through the photovoltaic effect.
Encapsulation is crucial in enhancing solar panel durability by protecting the delicate photovoltaic cells from environmental factors, preventing moisture from entering the panel. This protective layer not only safeguards against potential damage but also contributes to the overall longevity and performance of the solar modules.
The backsheet layer serves multiple essential functions in solar panels. It offers electrical insulation while protecting the photovoltaic cells from moisture, humidity, and harmful UV radiation. This layer is vital for ensuring the longevity and durability of solar panels by safeguarding against environmental factors that can compromise their performance and lifespan.
The frame, often made of aluminum or steel, plays a crucial role in enhancing the durability of solar panels. It provides structural support, protecting the components from mechanical stress and ensuring a secure mounting to the racking system, which helps maintain the overall integrity and longevity of the solar installation.
The tempered glass cover on the front side of solar panels significantly enhances solar panel durability by protecting them from various weather conditions and debris. This sturdy layer shields the photovoltaic cells from potential damage, ensuring the panels maintain their efficiency and longevity over time.
Many materials and design features enhance how durable solar panels are and their ability to withstand extreme weather events. The encapsulation, backsheet, and tempered glass cover safeguard internal components from moisture, humidity, and UV radiation, which can cause long-term damage. The aluminum or steel frame adds structural integrity, while the glass cover sheet resists impacts from hailstones, wind-blown debris, and other weather-related hazards, ensuring the panels maintain optimal performance over time.
Solar Panel Durability & Output in Hot Weather
As the temperature increases, the efficiency of solar panels tends to decrease, resulting in a decreased solar energy output. The decrease in efficiency with rising temperature is primarily due to the behavior of the semiconductor materials in the photovoltaic cells, potentially impacting both short-term electricity production and long-term solar panel durability.
The temperature coefficient is used to quantify this relationship and usually uses 77° F or 25° C as a reference temperature. It represents the percentage decrease in the power output of a solar panel for every degree Celsius increase in temperature above 25° C.
The temperature coefficient typically ranges from -0.2% to -0.5% per degree C but varies by the solar panel type and module quality. Thin-film solar usually has a lower temperature coefficient than monocrystalline and polycrystalline solar panels, so it performs well in hot weather. Likewise, monocrystalline solar panels generally perform better in hot weather compared to polycrystalline panels.
Prolonged exposure to high temperatures can significantly impact solar panel durability by degrading the materials used in their construction. Elevated temperatures create thermal stress, leading to the expansion and contraction of various components within the panel. This process can weaken soldered connections and delicate parts over time. As a result, thermal cycling may contribute to the degradation of solar cells and other materials, ultimately affecting the long-term performance and lifespan of the panels.
Solar Panel Durability In Extreme Conditions
Solar panels are designed to withstand a wide range of weather conditions and can generally perform well in extreme environments. However, certain factors, such as soiling, heavy rain, snow, hurricanes, and other severe weather conditions, can affect solar electricity output. Appropriate design, installation, and maintenance practices can help mitigate these effects. Refer to the PVEL PV Module Reliability Scorecard for information on how specific models perform.
Soiled Solar Panels
The accumulation of dust, dirt, or other particles on the surface of solar panels can reduce the amount of sunlight reaching the solar cells. Soiling can be more pronounced in dry, dusty climates or near industrial sites. In fact, soiled solar modules are more likely to develop hot spots, which are a common PV panel defect that can impact long-term solar panel durability.
Regular cleaning and maintenance are essential to address the issue of soiled solar panels impacting durability. Implementing a scheduled cleaning routine can effectively remove accumulated dirt and debris from the panels' surface, allowing them to operate at their maximum efficiency.
Utilizing proper cleaning techniques and equipment, such as soft brushes and non-abrasive cleaning solutions, can help prevent damage to the panels while effectively removing soiling. However, it is critical to clean solar panels safely and avoid scratching the surface when promoting the durability of solar panels.
Rain and Solar Panel Durability
Although rain clouds reduce solar energy generation by obscuring sunlight, rainfall can also positively affect solar panel durability and performance. Rainwater helps wash away dust and dirt, improving solar panel efficiency. Solar inverters can be sensitive to lightning, so use a surge protector and shelter them when possible to ensure solar system durability.
Snow on Solar Panels
Snow accumulation on solar panels poses a challenge as it covers the surface and reduces the amount of sunlight reaching the cells. In regions with heavy snowfall, solar panels are often installed at an angle to encourage snow to slide off. Additionally, PV modules are designed to be durable and withstand the weight of snow loads according to local building codes and standards.
In certain situations, it may be necessary to periodically remove snow to maintain optimal solar panel performance. It's essential to avoid scratching the modules during this process, as it can compromise solar panel durability. To safely remove snow, use a soft brush or a specialized snow removal tool designed for solar panels. Additionally, taking proper safety precautions is crucial when working on the roof, particularly if the surface is icy.
Hurricanes & Solar Panels in High Winds
Solar panels are designed to withstand high wind speeds and are typically tested according to international standards such as the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 61215. This standard evaluates the mechanical strength of PV panels by subjecting them to simulated wind conditions. Panels that meet these standards are designed to resist damage from hurricanes and other severe wind events.
Solar permits in windy climates may require IEC 61215. These solar permitting requirements are designed to ensure the durability and performance of solar panels in various environmental conditions, including windy climates. However, specific permit requirements can vary depending on local regulations and the severity of the wind conditions in a particular area.
GreenLancer specializes in helping solar installers meet permitting and engineering requirements. The GreenLancer network is experienced in designing solar systems that comply with local regulations and standards for wind resilience, ensuring that your installations are safe and meet all necessary solar permitting criteria. Create an account to get started.
Flood-Prone Areas & Solar Panel Durability
Proper conduit routing and electrical installation are critical to ensure the safety and performance of solar panel systems in areas prone to flooding. Electrical components and connections can be designed to be waterproof or housed in weatherproof enclosures. Conduit routing is carefully planned to avoid flood-prone areas, and if necessary, additional measures such as elevated mounting or flood barriers may be implemented. It is important to adhere to local building codes and regulations specific to solar panel installations in flood-prone areas to ensure longevity and safe operations.
Inspecting Panels After A Weather Event
After a weather event, it is crucial for solar installers to thoroughly inspect solar energy systems for any potential damage and issues with solar panel durability. Here are the important steps:
Ensure personal safety: Before beginning any inspection, look for downed power lines or other hazardous conditions. Notify the relevant authorities and follow appropriate safety protocols as needed.
Visual solar panel inspection: Visually inspect the PV modules for any obvious signs of damage, such as cracks, shattered glass, or loose connections. Check if any debris, like fallen branches, has made contact with the panels. Additionally, inspect the panel's frame for any signs of bending or deformation.
Solar system shutdown: If there are any visible signs of damage, shut down the entire solar array to prevent any electrical hazards.
Grounding and wiring: Inspect the grounding system and wiring connections for any loose, corroded, or damaged connections.
Solar mounting and racking: Check the mounting system and solar panel racking for signs of movement, damage, or misalignment. Look for loose or missing bolts, brackets, or other components, and verify the panels are still securely attached to the roof or the mounting structure.
Electrical testing: If the visual inspection reveals no apparent damage, it may still be necessary to perform electrical testing. Measure the voltage and current output of the panels to ensure they are within the expected range. Any significant deviations may indicate hidden damage.
Frequently Asked Questions On Solar Panel Durability
These are some of the top questions that solar customers may ask about solar panels in extreme weather conditions.
Are there solar panel warranties that cover extreme weather damage?
Solar panel warranties typically cover manufacturing defects and performance guarantees, not weather damage, because they fall under external factors beyond the manufacturer's control. However, warranty terms can vary between manufacturers, so it's essential to review the specific warranty from the solar panel manufacturer for accurate information.
Homeowners' insurance policies often offer coverage for weather-related damage to solar panels as part of their property protection coverage. Advise solar customers to check with their insurance providers to determine the extent of coverage for solar panels under their policies.
What are the most durable solar panels for hot climates?
When considering the most durable solar panels for hot climates, it's essential to look for those with low temperature coefficients, which help maintain efficiency in high heat. According to the PVEL scorecard data, monocrystalline panels typically outperform polycrystalline panels due to their single-crystal structure, which offers better heat tolerance and efficiency in elevated temperatures.
Thin-film panels also perform well in hot conditions, while bifacial panels, noted for their dual-sided energy collection, can also be effective. Selecting panels with low temperature coefficients ensures optimal performance and durability in hot climates.
Are solar panels weather-resistant?
Solar panels are designed to be weather-resistant and built to withstand a variety of weather conditions, including rain, snow, hail, and high winds. The durability of solar panels is enhanced through the use of materials such as tempered glass and robust frames, which provide essential protection for the solar cells against damage. However, proper installation is critical for ensuring their resilience to weather elements, allowing them to perform effectively in diverse climates and environments.
Can solar system maintenance boost solar panel durability?
Yes, your customers can perform several tasks to help prevent weather damage. Depending on the roof and the homeowner, they may need to hire a professional to safely conduct some of these activities.
Visually inspect solar panels, the racking system, and any associated wiring for signs of physical damage, such as cracks, chips, loose connections, or exposed wires.
Remove any debris, such as leaves, branches, or dirt, from the surface of your solar panels. Accumulated debris can reduce the efficiency of the panels and eventually cause damage if left unattended.
Trim trees near solar panels because falling branches or excessive shade from trees can affect solar system performance and potentially cause damage during severe weather events.
Inspect the roof and mounting system for signs of damage, such as loose or corroded shingles, deteriorating flashing, or loose mounts, if homeowners can do this safely. Address any issues promptly to prevent roof leaks or structural damage.
Monitor system output using a solar monitoring system and check inverter readings for unexplained drops in solar output. Ensure your customers have the required login information to monitor their production data.
Is there durability test data for solar panels?
The PVEL Solar Module Scorecard is a reputable source that evaluates solar panel durability, among other performance metrics. It typically includes data on reliability, performance, and other important aspects of solar panels based on extensive testing.
How much wind can solar panels withstand?
Solar systems should be designed to withstand wind speeds typical for their installation locations. Standard solar panels can typically endure wind speeds of 90 to 120 miles per hour (145 to 193 kilometers per hour). However, specific solar panel wind ratings may vary by manufacturer and installation guidelines. Also, proper installation and solar panel mounting play crucial roles in ensuring modules remain secure in windy conditions.
How durable are solar panels?
Solar panels are generally durable and designed for long-term use. The glass covering provides protection against environmental elements, and encapsulation materials shield the sensitive photovoltaic cells. The backsheet acts as an additional protective layer. Properly manufactured solar panels can withstand harsh weather conditions, temperature fluctuations, and UV exposure.
Solar Panels Are Durable and Built For Extreme Weather
Not only are solar modules designed to stand up to extreme weather, but solar battery storage can even mitigate the impacts of power outages from such events. For example, tens of thousands of PV systems with solar batteries were installed in Puerto Rico after Hurricane Maria. There are best practices that solar installers and homeowners should follow to prevent damage to solar systems from extreme weather.
Proper solar system design promotes durability in extreme weather through features such as sturdy mounting systems, weather-resistant materials, reinforced structures, and advanced monitoring systems that can detect and mitigate potential issues. These design elements ensure that solar systems can withstand harsh conditions and maintain optimal performance over time.
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